Effective Emotion Regulation Strategies Research Articles

정서적 고갈, 인지적 재평가, 마음챙김 주의 알아차림이플로리시에 미치는 영향: 조절된 매개효과 검증

This study was conducted to elucidate effective emotion regulation strategies forpromoting well-being in conditions of emotional exhaustion. To achieve this goal, Thisstudy examined the mediating effect of cognitive reappraisal on the relationship betweenemotional exhaustion and flourishing. Also, within this pathway, this study validated amoderated mediation model in which mindfulness attention awareness moderated therelationship between emotional exhaustion and cognitive reappraisal. A total of 345university students participated in our survey. Using structural equation modeling, theresults confirmed that cognitive reappraisal partially mediated the relationship betweenemotional exhaustion and flourishing. Additionally, a moderated mediating effect of mindfulattention awareness emerged in the pathway from emotional exhaustion to flourishingthrough cognitive reappraisal. Finally, This study discussed effective emotion regulationstrategies, limitations of this study, and suggested directions for future research.

Temporal orientation of positive reappraisal.

Although it is well established that positive reappraisal-changing the way one thinks about an emotional event to feel more positive about it-is an effective emotion regulation strategy, researchers have only recently begun to characterize the relative utility and effectiveness of different forms of positive reappraisal. We propose that temporal orientation-thinking about the past versus the future-may be one particularly useful characterization of positive reappraisal. In three studies, participants were instructed to use positive reappraisal to feel better about a stressor and we either measured (Studies 1 and 3) or manipulated (Study 2) the orientation of those reappraisals to the future or to the past. The findings demonstrated that people tended to use reappraisals that were more future oriented than past oriented (Studies 1 and 3). In addition, although both forms of reappraisals were effective at regulating emotion, future-oriented reappraisals were slightly more effective at increasing positive emotion (Study 2) and higher in perceived effectiveness (Study 3). Lastly, people generated reappraisals that were more oriented to the past in response to stressors that were familiar (Studies 1 and 3) and/or chronic (Study 3); however, the future orientation of their reappraisals was insensitive to the characteristics of the stressors. Our results suggest that there is a clear distinction in the utility and effectiveness of past-oriented and future-oriented forms of positive reappraisal, suggesting that this novel characterization of positive reappraisals by their temporal orientation may prove critical for more fully understanding the effectiveness of positive reappraisal for regulating emotion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Emotion Dysregulation and E-Cigarette Expectancies among College Student E-Cigarette Users

Background: E-cigarette outcome expectancies (i.e., beliefs about the expected consequences of e-cigarette use) are a key factor in motivating use. Emotion regulation difficulties have demonstrated significant associations with outcome expectancies; however, there has yet to be an examination of associations between specific emotion regulation difficulties and specific e-cigarette outcome expectancies, which could serve as targets for intervention efforts. Therefore, the current study sought to examine the unique predictive ability of specific emotion regulation difficulties in terms of e-cigarette outcome expectancies. Methods: Participants were 116 college student e-cigarette users (Mage = 19.72, SD = 1.88; 71.6% female) who completed self-report questionnaires for course credit. Results: Greater difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior when experiencing negative emotions and fewer difficulties accessing effective emotion regulation strategies were associated with positive reinforcement outcome expectancies. Greater emotion regulation difficulties in general were also associated with negative reinforcement outcome expectancies, though there were no significant individual predictors. Conclusion: These results suggest that greater emotion regulation difficulties are associated with mood-related e-cigarette outcome expectancies, and targeting emotion regulation difficulties, particularly difficulty engaging in goal-directed behavior when upset, may be useful to incorporate into intervention efforts.

Gender Differences in the Function of Music for Emotion Regulation Development in Everyday Life: An Experience Sampling Method Study

The present study employed experience sampling methodology (ESM) to examine the role of music in regulating emotions and the potential differences in music usage for emotion regulation between men and women in everyday life. The study spanned over seven days, including both weekdays and weekends, during which 28 participants (14 men and 14 women) were asked to complete a brief questionnaire 21 times a day. The questionnaire aimed to document instances of music listening in the past three hours, resulting in a total of 588 questionnaires being sent and 264 instances of music listening being analysed. Results indicate that listening to music in daily life may have a positive impact on emotion regulation and suggest possible differences in music usage between men and women for this purpose. The study's primary findings include: (1) Relaxation was the most commonly used strategy for regulating emotions with music; (2) Four primary mechanisms of music usage for emotion regulation, including emotion type, familiarity, and content of music, were found to be essential; (3) Listening to music was an effective emotion regulation strategy, particularly for regulating happiness and peacefulness; (4) Men were more likely to use music for active coping and to consider the type and content of music when selecting music; and (5) Music appeared to regulate the intensity of emotions similarly for both men and women, although men tended to report higher emotional intensity.

Resting-state cortico-limbic functional connectivity pattern in panic disorder: Relationships with emotion regulation strategy use and symptom severity

Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy involving prefrontal cortex (PFC) control of the amygdala. Its aberrant functioning is closely associated with panic disorder (PD). However, the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between the PFC, implicated in cognitive reappraisal, and the amygdala in PD has not been studied. Thus, this study aims to investigate the rsFC patterns and their association with cognitive reappraisal and PD. This study involved 51 participants, including 26 untreated patients with PD and 25 healthy controls (HC). We evaluated the habit of cognitive reappraisal assessment and the severity of PD using neuropsychological and clinical measures. Resting-state fMRI was utilized to evaluate the rsFC pattern between the PFC, engaged in cognitive reappraisal, and the amygdala. Mediation analysis was performed to explore the role of this rsFC in the relationship between cognitive reappraisal and PD severity. PD patients showed reduced rsFC between the PFC and the amygdala compared to HC. This weakened rsFC was associated with the severity of PD symptoms. Moreover, cognitive reappraisal was negatively correlated with PD severity, and mediation analysis indicated that the rsFC of the PFC-amygdala played a mediating role in this association. Abnormal PFC-amygdala rsFC may play a pivotal role in PD development and/or manifestation and mediate the association between cognitive reappraisal and PD severity, potentially serving as a clinical indicator for monitoring and intervention.

A Digital Mental Health App Incorporating Wearable Biosensing for Teachers of Children on the Autism Spectrum to Support Emotion Regulation: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

As much as 80% of children on the autism spectrum exhibit challenging behaviors (ie, behaviors dangerous to the self or others, behaviors that interfere with learning and development, and behaviors that interfere with socialization) that can have a devastating impact on personal and family well-being, contribute to teacher burnout, and even require hospitalization. Evidence-based practices to reduce these behaviors emphasize identifying triggers (events or antecedents that lead to challenging behaviors); however, parents and teachers often report that challenging behaviors surface with little warning. Exciting recent advances in biometric sensing and mobile computing technology allow the measurement of momentary emotion dysregulation using physiological indexes. We present the framework and protocol for a pilot trial that will test a mobile digital mental health app, the KeepCalm app. School-based approaches to managing challenging behaviors in children on the autism spectrum are limited by 3 key factors: children on the autism spectrum often have difficulties in communicating their emotions; it is challenging to implement evidence-based, personalized strategies for individual children in group settings; and it is difficult for teachers to track which strategies are successful for each child. KeepCalm aims to address those barriers by communicating children's stress to their teachers using physiological signaling (emotion dysregulation detection), supporting the implementation of emotion regulation strategies via smartphone pop-up notifications of top strategies for each child according to their behavior (emotion regulation strategy implementation), and easing the task of tracking outcomes by providing the child's educational team with a tool to track the most effective emotion regulation strategies for that child based on physiological stress reduction data (emotion regulation strategy evaluation). We will test KeepCalm with 20 educational teams of students on the autism spectrum with challenging behaviors (no exclusion based on IQ or speaking ability) in a pilot randomized waitlist-controlled field trial over a 3-month period. We will examine the usability, acceptability, feasibility, and appropriateness of KeepCalm as primary outcomes. Secondary preliminary efficacy outcomes include clinical decision support success, false positives or false negatives of stress alerts, and the reduction of challenging behaviors and emotion dysregulation. We will also examine technical outcomes, including the number of artifacts and the proportion of time children are engaged in high physical movement based on accelerometry data; test the feasibility of our recruitment strategies; and test the response rate and sensitivity to change of our measures, in preparation for a future fully powered large-scale randomized controlled trial. The pilot trial will begin by September 2023. Results will provide key data about important aspects of implementing KeepCalm in preschools and elementary schools and will provide preliminary data about its efficacy to reduce challenging behaviors and support emotion regulation in children on the autism spectrum. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05277194; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05277194. PRR1-10.2196/45852.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of non-suicidal self-injury; a comparison between Iran and Belgium

Introduction The outbreak of COVID-19 has heightened mental health challenges among adolescents worldwide, while also hindering the development of effective emotion regulation strategies. Nevertheless, there exists a pertinent requirement to further investigate the psychological ramifications of COVID-19 on adolescents, as well as to discern disparities in these impacts across various nations. In order to address this gap in research, this study compares the prevalence of NSSI (characterized by purposefully injuring one's own body tissues without suicidal intention or engaging in behaviors that are not socially approved or sanctioned.), emotion regulation strategies, and psychopathology (internalization and externalization) among Belgian and Iranian adolescents pre- and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method Adolescents between the ages of 13-21 from Iran and Belgium participated in a two-wave longitudinal design. In Iran, the sample consisted of 117 adolescents in wave 1 (April 2019) and 142 adolescents in wave 2 (Nov 2020). The Belgian sample consisted of 376 participants in wave 1 and 356 adolescents in wave 2. NSSI was assessed using the Self-Harm Inventory (SHI). Emotion Regulation was examined via the Emotion Regulation Inventory (ERI). The S trengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for Youth (SDQ) was used to assess psychological symptoms. Result Across the whole sample, lifetime NSSI prevalence was 35% in the first wave and 43.8% in the second wave. Longitudinal analysis across waves and counties did not show an increase in the prevalence of NSSI but did find that emotion dysregulation and internalizing symptoms are important risk factors for NSSI across countries. Emotional suppression and emotional dysregulation were the most prevalent emotion regulation strategies in Iran, whereas emotional integration was most prevalent in the Belgian sample. Conclusion Our study highlights cultural differences on the impact of COVID-19 on adolescent mental health. But it also indicates the importance of certain universal risk factors, for example, emotional dysregulation. These findings can inform developers to tailor programs for (early) intervention culturally.

The Effect of Emotion Regulation on Pupils’ Peer Relationships

Peer relationships are one of the irreplaceable interpersonal relationships in the development of children's socialisation. What happens in children's peer interactions affects the development and functioning of other aspects of children's lives, such as family, school and community. The competence to deal with emotions, especially the skills to manage emotions like anger and control impulses, is an essential social competence for children and is important for peer interaction and social adjustment. This study aims to explore how primary school students' emotion management skills influence their peer relationships, to provide a scientific basis for intervention in problems that arise in primary school students' peer interactions (e.g. aggressive behaviour, school bullying, etc.), to try to control and reduce the frequency of these problems, to lay the foundation for developing and exercising students' future abilities to enter society, and to provide a reference for subsequent mental health education work by schools, teachers and parents. According to the study results, it is argued that young people who have a correct knowledge of the rules of emotional expression and a higher understanding of their own and others' emotions are less likely to be rejected by their peers and are more popular in larger peer network interactions. Children's access to effective emotion regulation strategies positively predicted and positively influenced their peer relationships.

Fluid and crystallized cognitive resources differentially linked to emotion regulation success in adulthood.

Effective emotion regulation (ER) is theorized to require cognitive resources. Past work has identified inconsistent relationships between cognitive ability and ER success and has focused on implementation of instructed ER strategies. In the present study, we examine a wide range of cognitive abilities as predictors of ER success in the absence of constraints on strategy selection. An age-diverse sample of participants (N = 129, age 25-83) completed an ER task in which they viewed film clips eliciting disgust, sadness, and amusement under instructions to regulate in a prohedonic fashion. ER success was measured through self-reports of positive emotion (PA) and negative emotion (NA) following each clip. Fluid and crystallized cognitive ability were assessed with tasks from the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery. Effects of fluid cognition varied by film type, such that fluid cognition was generally less associated with ER success for the disgust clip. Effects of fluid cognition also varied by facet (e.g., processing speed and inhibitory control related to lower NA with the sadness clip, while working memory and episodic memory related to higher PA with the amusement and disgust clips). Crystallized cognition was positively associated with ER success (lower NA) across film types. Findings suggest that both fluid and crystallized cognition are important resources for effective emotion regulation. We propose that crystallized cognition may be particularly important when regulators can rely on life experience to select ER strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

How and when can job-insecure employees prevent psychological distress against the COVID-19 pandemic? The role of cognitive appraisal and reappraisal.

The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected economies around the world, causing record unemployment rates that have exacerbated the already prevalent job insecurity, thereby leading to psychological distress among many individuals. The present study aims to reveal the underlying mechanisms of psychological distress induced by the COVID-19 pandemic among job-insecure employees and to identify one of the emotion regulation strategies (i.e., cognitive reappraisal) as a protective factor that mitigates psychological distress. Drawing upon transactional theory, we proposed and tested a moderated mediation model, wherein cognitive reappraisal serves as a moderator of the direct and indirect relationship between job insecurity and psychological distress via stress appraisals (i.e., threat appraisal and challenge appraisal) based on data from 922 employees. Results show that threat appraisal and challenge appraisal positively and negatively mediate the relationship between job insecurity and psychological distress, respectively. Furthermore, as an emotion regulation strategy, cognitive reappraisal mitigates psychological distress among job-insecure employees, weakens the positive indirect effect of threat appraisal, but intensifies the negative indirect effect of challenge appraisal. Our findings suggest that cognition plays an important role in individuals' emotional reactions to COVID-19-related stress, and cognition reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy in mitigating psychological distress. Therefore, cognition reappraisal skills should be improved to reduce psychological distress induced by COVID-19 pandemic.

Association between working memory updating ability and cognitive reappraisal: An investigation into a modulatory role of the individual's sex.

Cognitive reappraisal has been shown to be an effective emotion regulation strategy that contributes to mental health. Previous studies focused on sex differences in the frequency of use and ability to use this strategy, and the association of fequency of use and ability with executive functioning. However, there is a lack of behavioral studies examining whether the involvement of executive functions in cognitive reappraisal use and ability differs for men and women. Such a sex difference may inform the design of cognitive interventions directed at enhancing cognitive reappraisal use and ability. The present study used a sample of 125 Chinese university students and focused on one key component of executive functioning: working memory updating. Frequency of cognitive reappraisal use was assessed by self-report. Ability to use cognitive reappraisal and working memory updating capacity were each assessed with a laboratory task. The results revealed no sex difference in cognitive reappraisal use or ability. However, of primary interest, the ability to apply cognitive reappraisal was associated with working memory updating performance, but only for women. If confirmed in further studies, these findings suggest that cognitive interventions in general, and working memory updating trainings more specifically, are more likely to enhance the ability to use cognitive reappraisal as a means to regulate emotions in women than in men.

Role of emotion regulation capacities in affective state among Chinese high school students in the post-pandemic era of COVID-19.

Psychological wellbeing and emotion regulation skills of vulnerable adolescents have been severely threatened by the long-term impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to seek out the potentially effective emotion regulation strategies to minimize the mental health risk of adolescents during the COVID-19 post-pandemic era. A total of 436 high school students aged 16.07 ± 1.08 years were included in this cross-sectional study to complete questionnaires to self-report socio-demographic information, positive and negative affect state, and emotional regulation abilities. Student's t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for intergroup comparisons among socio-demographic variables. Pearson's correlation analysis was used for evaluating the association between each emotion regulation strategy and positivity or negativity. Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis was used for the determination of the predictors for adolescents' positivity and negativity. Adolescents' affect was influenced by multiple emotion regulation strategies, including cognitive reappraisal, acceptance and engagement, difficulty in awareness, acceptance, and modification of emotions after adjusting for a range of socio-demographic variables. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of emotional regulation strategies in the modulation of the mental health of the vulnerable youth population in China during the COVID-19 crisis. In view of the continuous, multifaceted influence on adolescents' mental health of the ongoing pandemic, more effort should be made to leverage emotion regulation strategies to benefit their coping abilities.

The effect of emotion regulation strategies on decision-making about the maternal pertussis vaccination among pregnant women in the Netherlands: an experimental study

ObjectiveTo assess whether cognitive reappraisal and acceptance are effective emotion regulation strategies to decrease the influence of negative affect on intention to accept maternal pertussis vaccination (MPV) among pregnant women in the Netherlands. MethodsAn experimental study with baseline and two follow-up measurements was conducted. Participants selected after baseline (N = 382) were randomized into two experimental groups (cognitive reappraisal, acceptance) and a control group. The effect of the experimental manipulations on negative affect was examined with multilevel analyses. A moderation analysis was performed to examine whether the manipulations moderated the association between negative affect and intention. ResultsAll groups showed a decrease in negative affect (all p’s < 0.001), with no differences between groups. A small decrease in the influence of negative affect on intention was found among those who used acceptance. ConclusionNo additional value of the emotion regulation strategies was found compared to the control group. However, exploratory analyses showed that acceptance seemed a promising strategy to decrease the influence of negative affect on intention to accept MPV. Practice implicationsThis study stressed the relevance for communication strategies to consider the emotions pregnant women experience during the decision-making process about the MPV.

Managing emotions in the face of discrimination: The differential effects of self-immersion, self-distanced reappraisal, and positive reappraisal.

Contending with sexism is associated with negative affective outcomes, including increased anger, anxiety, and depression. Prior research demonstrates that the use of emotion-regulation strategies, such as self-distanced reappraisal, when contending with general negative interpersonal experiences, can help people manage their emotions, attenuating the associated negative affect. The present research considers whether the affective benefits of reappraisal extend to past experiences of discrimination. Specifically, we examine whether using self-distanced reappraisal (Studies 1 and 2) or positive reappraisal (Study 2) when contending with sexism yields more positive and less negative affective outcomes, relative to engaging in self-immersion. Contrary to previous research examining more general negative interpersonal experiences, we find limited evidence that self-distanced reappraisal is an effective emotion-regulation strategy for women contending with sexism (N = 1,236). The present work offers preliminary evidence, however, that positive reappraisal may be a promising emotion-regulation strategy that reduces the negative affective consequences associated with reliving past instances of sexism, compared with either self-immersion or self-distanced reappraisal. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the efficacy of different emotion-regulation strategies in the context of discrimination. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Age Differences in the Tradeoff between Proactive and Reactive Cognitive Control in Emotional Information Processing.

Greater well-being in older adults stems from more effective emotion regulation strategies, highlighting the role of cognitive control. However, cognitive control involves different subsystems, and it is still unclear whether different subsystems have different effects on different emotional information processing. The Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) theory postulates that cognitive control can operate in two distinct modes, namely proactive control (a “proactive” preparatory mode) and reactive control (a “reactive” wait-and-see mode). This study created an emotional AX-CPT task to explore differences in cognitive control tradeoff between youth and older adults when processing emotional information. The results found that youth had significantly higher error rates on the emotional-neutral sequence than older adults regardless of the valence of emotional information; only in the negative condition did older adults have higher error rates on both the sad-sad and neutral-sad sequences than youth; this phenomenon was not found in the positive condition. The study showed that, in emotional information processing, youth preferred proactive control over older adults; in negative information processing, older adults preferred reactive control strategies over youth; in positive information processing, older adults showed a similar cognitive control pattern to youth, and proactive control was enhanced.

Self- and Situation-Focused Reappraisal are not homogeneous: Evidence from behavioral and brain networks

Reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy which can be divided into self- and situation-focused subtypes. Previous studies have produced inconsistent findings on the moderating effects and neural mechanisms of reappraisal; thus, further research is necessary to clarify these inconsistencies. In this study, a total of 44 participants were recruited and randomly assigned to two groups. 23 participants were assigned to the self-focused group, while 21 participants were assigned to the situation-focused group. The participants' resting EEG data were collected for 6 min before the experiment began, followed by an emotional regulation task. During this task, participants were asked to view emotion-provoking images under four emotion regulation conditions (View, Watch, Increase, or Decrease). Late positive potential (LPP) was obtained when these emotional images were observed. LPP is an effective physiological indicator of emotion regulation, enabling this study to explore emotion regulation under different reappraisal strategies, as well as the functional connectivity and node efficiency within the brain. It was found that, in terms of the effect on emotion regulation, situation-focused reappraisal was significantly better than self-focused reappraisal at enhancing the valence of negative emotion, while self-focused reappraisal was significantly better than situation-focused reappraisal at increasing the arousal of negative emotion. In terms of neural mechanisms, multiple brain regions such as the anterior cingulate cortex, the frontal lobe, the parahippocampal gyrus, parts of the temporal lobe, and parts of the parietal lobe were involved in both reappraisal processes. In addition, there were some differences in brain regions associated with different forms of cognitive reappraisal. Self-focused reappraisal was associated with the posterior cingulate gyrus, fusiform gyrus, and lingual gyrus, and situation-focused reappraisal was associated with the parietal lobule, anterior central gyrus, and angular gyrus. In conclusion, this research demonstrates that self- and situation-focused reappraisal are not homogenous in terms of their effects and neural mechanisms and clarifies the uncertainties over their regulatory effects. Different types of reappraisal activate different brain regions when used, and the functional connectivity or node efficiency of these brain regions seems to be a suitable indicator for assessing the effects of different types of reappraisal.

0244 Associations among pre-sleep arousal, facets of emotion dysregulation, and sleep quality and efficiency during pregnancy

Abstract Introduction Pre-sleep arousal contributes to over 50% of pregnant people experiencing poor sleep quality and clinical insomnia. Given that poor sleep during pregnancy is associated with depression and suicide ideation, there is a critical need to identify intervention targets, such as difficulties with emotion regulation. However, emotion dysregulation is multifaceted and warrants further investigation in sleep research, particularly during pregnancy. Thus, the present study examined associations among pre-sleep arousal, various dimensions of emotion dysregulation, and sleep outcomes during pregnancy. Methods Participants (N = 62; Mage = 29.89, SD = 4.19 years) were recruited during pregnancy and enrolled to represent a range of scores on the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. For 7 days during the 3rd trimester, they wore CamNtech MotionWatch-8 wrist actigraphs and completed the Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale and Consensus Sleep Diary. Results Hierarchical linear regression analyses indicated that high pre-sleep arousal predicted low sleep efficiency (measured via actigraphy) above and beyond facets of emotion dysregulation (B = -.316, p = .026). High pre-sleep arousal also predicted poor sleep quality (measured via diary) above and beyond total emotion dysregulation (B = -.038, p = .010). However, an interaction emerged between pre-sleep arousal and one particular facet of emotion dysregulation: access to emotion regulation strategies (B = -.005, p = .023). Specifically, high pre-sleep arousal was associated with poor sleep quality only among those who reported limited abilities to use emotion regulation strategies. Among participants who reported that they could access effective emotion regulation strategies, pre-sleep arousal did not predict sleep quality. Conclusion This study indicates that high pre-sleep arousal may not always be associated with poor sleep quality during pregnancy. Equipping pregnant people with emotion regulation strategies may buffer this association and promote long-term health. It is recommended that perinatal sleep scientists continue investigating relations between facets of emotion dysregulation and sleep. Support (If Any) This project was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health under Awards R01MH119070 (MPIs Crowell &amp; Conradt) and F31MH124275 (PI Kaliush). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIMH.

Cognitive reappraisal inventiveness in emotion regulation

<p id=C9>Emotion regulation is an essential ability to maintain individual mental health and life happiness. Cognitive reappraisal is one of the most effective emotion regulation strategies. Cognitive reappraisal inventiveness is a central component of the generation process in the context of cognitive reappraisal. It is the ability to create multiple and different reappraisals for negative situations. The total number and diversity of cognitive reappraisal strategies produced by individuals in cognitive reappraisal (i.e., the fluency and flexibility of cognitive reappraisal strategies) are taken as indicators of cognitive reappraisal inventiveness. A high creative cognitive reappraisal is an effective premise for ensuring individual emotional regulation. <p id=C10>Here, we review recent studies on cognitive reappraisal inventiveness. A large body of research demonstrates that inventiveness in cognitive reappraisal is positively correlated with divergent thinking and openness, but not with neuroticism and trait anger. Creative cognitive reappraisal strategies, or high-level cognitive reconstruction using metaphor and analogy, are more conducive to the regulation of negative emotions, and the superior regulatory effect of creative cognitive reappraisal can be mediated by amygdala-based salient emotional arousal, hippocampus-based new association formation, and striatum-based mental rewarding to produce to a novel and positive experience that can be kept in long-term memory. These results are consistent with the creative reconstruction theory of cognitive reappraisal. The theory holds that an individual’s response to negative situations comes not from the event itself, but from their view of the event. Emotional situations are viewed as problems that can be solved by a variety of reappraisal styles. To regulate negative emotions, it is necessary to produce a novel and effective psychological representation of the emotional situation or event, modifying the initial maladaptive representation. Creative individuals may be more likely to find effective reappraisals. However, other studies claim that there is no correlation between cognitive reappraisal inventiveness and reappraisal effectiveness. Thus, no consistent conclusion about the relationship between cognitive reappraisal inventiveness and reappraisal effectiveness has yet been reached. <p id=C11>By comparing the neural mechanisms of cognitive reappraisal inventiveness (using the Reappraisal Inventiveness Test, RIT) and traditional creativity (using the Alternative Use Test, AUT), it was found that both, the RIT and AUT, exhibited a comparatively strong increase in alpha power at prefrontal sites, indicating that they have similar brain activation patterns; however, the activation degree of cognitive reappraisal inventiveness is higher in the middle region of the prefrontal cortex, whereas the activation degree of traditional creativity is higher in the ventral prefrontal apex region. The regions of brain activation of the two forms of creativity overlap primarily in the right cerebellum, central anterior gyrus, central posterior gyrus, and anterior cingulate cortex, especially in the left prefrontal network. Cognitive reappraisal inventiveness activates the right superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, and left and right angular gyrus. Traditional creativity tasks primarily activate the left superior frontal gyrus, left inferior temporal gyrus, and left inferior frontal gyrus. This shows that traditional creativity and cognitive reappraisal inventiveness have common cognitive processing needs, including inhibiting strong responses, switching between different perspectives, and controlling memory retrieval; however, the process of cognitive reappraisal inventiveness requires the specific executive function of emotional representation. <p id=C12>Future research may expand the group of participants by selecting participants with emotional disorders (e.g., depression and anxiety disorders), improve the measurement methods of cognitive reappraisal inventiveness, explore the situational and internal factors that affect cognitive reappraisal inventiveness (e.g., positive metaphor, trait anxiety, self-efficacy, and humorous personality), and further reveal how the neural mechanisms of the special process, or reaction mechanism of cognitive reappraisal inventiveness, differ from traditional creativity.

The neural mechanism and transfer effect of creative cognitive reappraisal in negative emotion regulation

<p id=C8>Cognitive reappraisal plays an important role in regulating negative emotions. However, traditional cognitive reappraisal has some issues, such as a lower reconstruction degree and a lower emotion regulation effect. Considering these issues, we propose an effective emotion regulation strategy called creative cognitive reappraisal, which refers to a novel and unique interpretation that is highly creative and appropriate for current emotional stimuli. During the emotion regulation process, an individual suddenly experiences an Aha! moment when combining the interpretation with the stimulus situation. This study found a dramatic shift from negative to positive emotions and a long-lasting regulatory effect. According to imaging results, creative cognitive reappraisal was associated with the formation of a novel association in the hippocampus and positive emotional arousal in the amygdala. <p id=C9>However, the guided reappraisal used in this work was more akin to an understanding of reappraisal interpretation than active emotion regulation, which has lower ecological validity. Furthermore, it is difficult to generate high creative reappraisal on one’s own, making the application of creative cognitive reappraisal challenging. Thus, the goal of this project is to teach participants how to learn the method of creative cognitive reappraisal and then transfer and apply this strategy to specific negative emotion regulation in daily life, i.e., to establish a learn and then use emotion regulation mode that can truly play the role of creative cognitive reappraisal during emotion regulation. Furthermore, because teenagers have more serious mood problems but also have higher creativity, this project intends to apply a creative cognitive reappraisal strategy for emotion regulation to teenagers while also teaching them creative emotion regulation strategies to assist them in learning cognitive transformations and reconstructions. This method can teach teenagers how to use positive emotional regulation strategies to deal with negative life events while also preserving their creativity. <p id=C10>The specific research contents are as follows: 1) exploring the transfer effect of creative cognitive reappraisal in negative emotion regulation of college students and adolescents; 2) investigating changes in brain activation and representation patterns before and after creative cognitive reappraisal transfer; and 3) examining the similarities and differences in the neural mechanisms of creative cognitive reappraisal transfer between adolescents and adults. This project is an extension and expansion of the applicants existing work, and it would establish a theoretical foundation for verifying and promoting creative cognitive reappraisal as a learnable, usable and efficient emotional regulation strategy.

The role of early attachment and parental presence in adolescent behavioral and neurobiological regulation

Early attachment shapes brain development underlying emotion regulation. Given that sensitivity to affective cues is heightened during adolescence and effective emotion regulation strategies continue to develop, it is imperative to examine the role of early attachment and parental influence on adolescent regulation. Fifty-one children (M age=32.61 months) participated in a modified Strange Situation with their mother and approximately 10 years later (M age =13.2 years) completed an fMRI scan during which they were presented with appetitive and aversive affective cues (images of adolescent interactions) during a Go-Nogo task. They completed the task alone and in the presence of a parent. Behavioral multilevel models and whole-brain analyses showed attachment-related patterns, such that affective cues elicited greater behavioral and neural dysregulation in insecure (versus secure) adolescents.Furthermore, parental presence buffered behavioral and neural dysregulation toward socially aversive cues for adolescents with early insecure attachment, underscoring the salience of caregivers across development in promoting regulation in their offspring